Unit 4 Earthquakes
1. Find the correct word or expressions for each of the following meanings.
useless
nation
a great number of
dirt
at an end
extreme
right away
steam
shock
track
rescue
ruin
Before:
After:
Feelings
curious anxious surprise amazed puzzled confused
shocked horrified relieved worried scared angry distressed sad terrified frightened hopeless hopeful unbelievable encouraged
2. Try to find as many words you have learned in the reading passage as possible to describe any earthquake you know about.
Damage
Before:
After:
cracks pipes burst
great destruction
houses in ruins
roads destroyed
water, gas and electricity hard to get
people killed or injured
cracks cut across roads and canals
hills of rock became dirt
children lost parents
Events
Before:
After:
animals behaved strangely
lights in sky
sound of planes
well water rose and fell
ruins 2. 2nd quake 3. army came
After:
Rescue
work
calm practical
hard-working selfless helpful brave courageous kind thoughtful prepared tireless understanding organised strong-willed determined
3. Complete the passage with words from the text.
It was a frightening night. The dam cracked and then ______ under the weight of the water. The water went all over the fields and _________ quite a few villages along the river. Some buildings were in ______ and some farmers were ________ at the top of their houses. The water filled the canals and the _____. Dead bodies and _______ animals were seen everywhere. People were ________, but they had to _____ the dead bodies for health reasons. It was a very sad time.
burst
destroyed
ruins
trapped
wells
injured
shocked
bury
4. Work in groups. Read some of the sentences and complete the others. Then choose the best to read to the class.
◎ When the earthquake came, it was as if the world was at an end.
◎ When the houses fell down, it sounded as if _______________________.
◎ When the dam broke, it looked as if the sea had arrived suddenly on our doorstep.
◎ When the bricks covered the ground, it was as if __________________________.
◎ When the coal mines fell, the ground above looked as if it would crack.
◎ When the cows ran down the road, they looked as if ______________________
___________ .
◎ When the shock hit us, we felt as if we were going to die.
◎ When the nation turned to help us in our need, it seemed as if _____________
____________________________________.
a mountain had blown up
stones were flowing like water
they were driven by an
unseen hand
all China was thinking of us and was coming to our aid
根据汉语提示，将下列句子补充完整。
⒈ _______________________ (我还没来得及回答), Linda hung up.
⒉ _______________________ (整个城市成了一片废墟) after the earthquake.
⒊ I was wondering why my boss __________________________ (不重视我的建议).
⒋ _________ (像往常一样), the couple left the children at home alone.
⒌ ___________________________ (数十万艘船) have sunk in the Atlantic.
⒍ We are expecting to _________________________ (找出一些重要的事实).
⒎ _________________ (你是什么意思) by acting like that?
⒏ I’m afraid the wind may ________________ (把帐篷吹走).
⒐ By 2012, that figure is expected to _____________ (达到七百万).
⒑ Much to our disappointment, the fine weather ___________________ (只持续了几天).
Before I could answer her
The whole city lay in ruins
thought little of my suggestion
As usual
Hundreds of thousands of ships
dig out some important facts
What do you mean
blow the tent away
reach 7 million
lasted only a few days
The Attributive Clause
定语从句
The boy who is reading a book over there is my friend.
He is my friend.
He is reading a book over there.
Declan is a famous singer.
He sings the song tell me why.
Declan is a famous singer who sings the song tell me why.
He is a popular singer whose song is popular among young people.
He is a famous singer who is from Taiwan.
★不到长城非好汉。
He who does not reach the great wall is not a true man.
★谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。
He who laughs last laughs best.
★结局好，一切都好。
All is well that end well.
★真正的友谊犹如健康的身体，失去时方知其可贵。
Friendship is like health, the value of which is seldom know until it is lost.
Proverbs
在复合句中，用作定语修饰某一名词或代词的句子就叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词有：
关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词的作用：
关系代词处在先行词和定语从句之间，身兼三职：
① 连接主从句的纽带；
② 指代先行词；
③ 在从句中充当某一项句子成分。
定语从句
在从句
中的作用
指代
功能
关系代词的指代功能和在句子中的句法功能：
定语从句的位置
定语从句一定要放在被其所修饰的先行词之后。
That is the bike which she bought last year.
先行词
定语从句
Do you know the girl?
She is riding a bike over there.

Do you know the girl who is riding a bike over there?
who指人，在从句中作主语或代替whom作宾语。
Do you know the man who is giving the students a class?
The man is our English teacher.
I talked with him just now.
The man who / whom I talked with just now is our English teacher.

作主语
作宾语
which 指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
Have you read the book which has just been published?
I’m interested in the book (which) Mr Qiu wrote.
作主语
作宾语
apple
the red
the green
the small
the big
The apple which is red is mine.
The apple which is green is yours.
The apple which is red is small.
The apple which is green is big.

that 指人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
The house that I’m going to buy faces south.
The house faces south.
I’m going to buy the house.
I live in the house that faces south.
作宾语
作主语
无论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that 通常省略。
That is the photo that was taken in 1981.
This is the photo that was taken in 2012.
Mr Qiu is no longer the man (that) he was 31 years ago.
⒈ 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致；
⒉ 先行词是“the only one +复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数；
⒊ 先行词是“one of +复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词用复数 。
① Do you know the girls who / that are singing under the tree?
② The boy who is reading the story is my brother.
③ I, who am a sports-lover, often spend some time on training in the stadium.
④ This is one of the best films that have been shown this year.
⑤ He is the only one of the students who knows the truth.
关系代词that, which, whom who在从句中作宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则不可省略。
① He is the student (whom / who / that) you want to see.
② The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
③ That is the factory in which my uncle works.
④ Those are model workers, some of whom are young fellows.
whose 只用作定语，后面必须接名词，表示“谁的(东西)”，先行词可以是人也可以是物。
① Do you know the girl whose hair is long?
② He lives in a room whose window faces south.
③ Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
④ The boy whose aunt is a famous singer is fond of music.
下列情况只能用that不用which与who：
⒈ 当先行词是不定代词或被序数词，形容词最高级所修饰时；
⒉ 当先行词既有人又有物时；
⒊ 当先行词带有the only, the very, the same, the last, the one等词时；
⒋ 当主句中有which或who时；
⒌ the way用作先行词时，用that或in which (也可省略)，但不能用which。
① Do you have anything that I can do for you?
② The second place that l expect to visit is the Palace Museum.
③ This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.
④ John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
⑤ This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.
⑥ Which is the book that you have just paid for?
⑦ Who is the person that you are looking for?
⑧ This is the only way (that / in which) you can work out this problem.
下列情况只能用which而不用that：
⒈ 在介词后面；
⒉ 引导非限定性定语从句，尤其当which指代前面的整个句子时。
① The pen with which he is writing is mine.
② Do you remember the day on which we met each other for the first time?
③ I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.
④ He lives in a hotel, which is only five minutes’ walk from here.
⑤ Mr Li didn’t pass the driving test, which made him very sad.
下面情况只能用who而不用that：
⒈ 如果先行词是those, they, all, persons, people, he, someone, anyone, one时；
⒉ 当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时。
① Those who want to go for a picnic will have to wait at the gate of the school.
② I want someone who I can tell everything.
③ Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
⒈ We should learn from those ___ are always ready to help others.
A. who B. whom C. they D. that
⒉ I, ___ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am
⒊ Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ___ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
⒋ Tom is the only one of the students who ___ to Shanghai.
A. have gone B. have been C. has been D. had gone
⒌ He is a man of great knowledge, ___ much can be learned.
A. in whom B. about whom C. from whom D. of whom
Choose the best answer.
⒍ The mobile phone ___ last year works well.
A. I bought B. I bought it C. what I bought D. which I bought it
⒎ All the apples ___ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs.
A. which B. / C. that D. they
⒏ I can tell you ___ he told me last week.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that
⒐ Air, ___ we breathe every day, is around us all the time.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
⒑ We often think of the days ___ we spent together in the countryside.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
⒒ Everything ___ should be ___ be done right now.
A. that; done must B. that; should do
C. that; must done D. which; done should
⒓ He is ___ everyone respects.
A. the person B. who C. whom D. the one which
⒔ He hasn’t got enough money with ___ he can buy the computer.
A. that B. which C. it D. whom
⒕ Mr Li devoted himself to the education, ___ led to him final success.
A. that B. which C. so that D. so
⒖ All that can be eaten ___ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
⒗ The factory ___ we’ll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
⒘ They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ___ sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
⒙ “Did you ask the guard ___ happened?” “Yes, he told me all ___ he knew.”
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
⒚ The bike and its rider ___ had knocked down the boy were taken to the police.
A. who B. that C. which