Grammar
V-ing形式作状语
(not) doing
(not) being done
(not)
having done
(not)
having been done
V-ing作状语的用法
V-ing短语在句子中作状语，可以表示时间，原因，结果，条件，方式或伴随动作等。
Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football.
(When) hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
时间
Being poor, he couldn’t go to school.
Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note.
Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him.
原因
He came running.
She stood waiting for a bus.
He sat there reading a book.
The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
方式或伴随状语
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
Her husband died, leaving her four children.
They fired, killing many people in the street.
结果
Using your head, you’ll find a good way.
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.
条件
注意：
1. 当v-ing形式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，应使用完成式：having done
Having finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.
2. 当v-ing形式与句子的主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时，应使用被动式：being done
Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well.
3. 当v-ing形式被动式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，被动式应使用完成式：having been done
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
Having been translated into many languages, the book was widely read all over the world.
4. v-ing形式作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。
Rushing into the dining-room, supper was waiting for me.
Rushing into the dining-room, I found supper was waiting for me.
While visiting a strange city, a guide-book is very helpful.
While visiting a strange city, you may find a guide-book very helpful.
5. 独立主格结构：
Spring coming on, the trees turned green.
Her mother being ill, she had to look after her at home.
Time permitting, we’ll visit the Great Wall.
He guiding the blind man, they walked slowly across the street.
6. 固定结构：
Judging from his appearance, he must be very rich.
Generally speaking, his answer is right.
Considering everything, they did a good job.
The End
1 He died defending the honour of his country.
2 Elizabeth didn’t trust him, so she gave him a false name and address.
3 Jenny can’t function without a cup of coffee in the morning.
4 During the World War II, he rose gradually from the rank of major to general.
5 Don’t forget to bring your cassette recorder tomorrow.
6 There must be some misunderstanding. I don’t know what you’re talking about.
The End