Grammar
V-ing 在语法功能上相当于名词、形容词和副词。现在分词通常和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。但要注意它地各种形式变化：
主动形式 被动形式
V-ing being V-ed
having V-ed having been V-ed
现在分词做状语
一般式
完成式
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。现在分词作状语，常常用来表示原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。现在分词一般不用作表目的的状语（通常用不定式表目的地状语）。
1) 表原因状语
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
(=as he was ill, he didn’t go to school.)
Being a student, you should study hard.
(=Since you are a student, you should study hard.）
既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。
由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。
Thinking he might be at home, I called him.
(=As I thought he might be at home, I called him.)
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
(=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.)
While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.
(=While waiting for the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.)
2）表时间状语
1. After I had written the letter, I went out to work.
_______ _______ the letter, I went out to work.

2. After they had been shown around the factory , they returned to school.
______ ______ ______ around the factory , they returned to school.
Having
written
Having
been
shown
1.当分别的时候，他不停地向我挥手。
When departing, he waved to me again and again.
2.找到旅馆之后,他们就开始找餐馆.
Having found (=after finding) a hotel , they began to look for a restaurant.
3.由于没收到回音,我决定再给他写一封信
Not having got an answer, I decided to write him another letter.
3)表方式、伴随情况地状语 ：作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语的一个 动作，或是与谓语所表示地动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。
Eg. He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
Eg. They eat using the fingers of their right hands.
(=They eat by using the fingers of their right hands.
他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
__________________ , they went into the classroom.
他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。
He stood leaning against the wall.(＝He stood and leaned against the wall.)
Laughing and talking
4) 表结果
通常放句末，用逗号隔开，表示自然而然的结果
Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)
全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎地歌曲。
The song is sung all over the country,__________________________________.
making it the most popular song
动词不定式作结果状语，表示的是一种出乎预料的结果。
eg.
He rushed there, only to find the train had gone.
Attention Please
5)表条件
相当于 if 或unless 引导的条件状语从句。
Using your head, you will find a way.
(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)
一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。
______________, you will see a white house.
Walking ahead
How do you combine these two sentences if the subjects are different ?

The weather is fine. we have made up our mind to go for a picnic.
逻辑主语+V-ing (独立主格结构)

The weather being fine, we have made up our mind to go for a picnic.
Attention Please
V-ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。如果V-ing 的主语不是句子的主语时，V-ing 可以带有自己的主语----- 名词或代词的主格。这样的结构叫独立主格结构。
Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city.
　(分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。)
与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
　I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
　我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。

　All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
　所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
　
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+V-ing 形式
　With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
作独立成分：
　Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
　从外表看，他一定是个演员。
1.If the weather permits, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.
Weather ___________ , we’ll have an outing tomorrow.

2.Because all the money has been spent, we started looking for job.
All the money _____ ______ _____ ,we started looking for job.

3. Because the train had gone, we had to wait another day.
_____________________, we had to wait another day.
permitting
having been spent
The train having gone
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Not ________(know) his address, I couldn’t go to see him yesterday.
2. Look out for cars when _______(cross) the street.
3. Not _________________ (invite) to the party, Mary was greatly hurt.
knowing
crossing
having been invited
Grammar work 语法专练
4. He dived into the water, ______ (leave) only his face exposed.
5. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _______ (read)
“Sorry to miss you; I will call later.”
6. _______ (take) a deep breath, they dived into the water.
7. ____________ (close) the windows and the door, the students left the room.
leaving
reading
Taking
Having closed
1. When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the
differences without noticing many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
C
Grammar quiz 语法小测
2. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing.
A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said
A
3. There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait
C
4. ______ , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
C
5. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _______ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
B
6. They set out ____ for the ____ boy.
searching; losing B. searching; lost
C. to search; lost D. searched; losing

7. The student sat there, ____ what to do.
doesn’t knowing B. didn’t knowing
C. not know D. not knowing
c
D
8. He sat there _____ , with his head on his hand.
and think B. thinking
C. thought D. being thought
9. The ____ Prime Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, ___ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
visiting; add B. visited; adding
C. visiting; adding D. visited; added
B
C
The secretary worked late into the night, _____a long speech for the president.
To prepare B. preparing
C. prepared D. was preparing
2.European foot ball is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
making B. makes
C. made D. to make
B
现在分词表结果状语
A
现在分词作伴随状语
3. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily point D. and angrily pointing
A
现在分词作伴随状语
4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
5.______ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill.
Not knowing B. knowing not
C. Not having known D. Having not known
C
A
现在分词作原因状语，分词结构种否定词通常放在现在分词前面。
作原因状语
1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.
3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful communications, too.
Not having
working
Seeing
speaking
单句改错
5. “ Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.

6. Knocking at the door before entering, please.
7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world.
pointing
Knock
making
To finish the exercises on P29.
homework
Thank you!