词汇
1. decrease vi.& vt. 减少；（使）变小；或变少
n. 减少；降低；减少的数量

decrease (sth.) to/by...减少到/了……
increase vi.& vt.增加；增长；增强
on the decrease/increase在减少/增加

①会员数减少到150人。 The membership ________________ 150.

②班里人数减少了20人。
The number of students in the class has _____________________ 20.

③ Is crime___________________? 犯罪案件是否在减少？
decreased to
has decreased by
on the decrease
2．respond vi.回答，答复；响应，作出反应
response n. 回答，回复；反应
respond to sb./sth.回答(比 answer, reply to正式)
respond to sb./sth. (with/ by sth.) 用……回应某人(事)
respond to (疾病、身体的受伤部分)对医药有良好反应
response to sb./sth. (对人/物)的回答/回复/反应
in response to 作为对……的反应
(1)They still ____________________ my letter.他们至今仍没有回我的信。
(2)He ____________ my suggestion ________ a laugh/______ laughing. 他对我的建议报以一笑。
(3)His illness _________________ treatment by drugs.
他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。
(4)My mother opened the door ____________________ the knock, but there was no one outside.
听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。
haven't responded to
responded to
with
by
didn't respond to
in response to
3．certain adj. 确定的；一定；某(种)
(1)作“某(种)”讲时，同义于 some。
for a certain reason＝for some reason 由于某种原因
certain / some professors某些教授
(2)作“确信的，有把握的”讲时，同义于 sure。但是 certain 的主语既可以是人，也可用于It is certain that...句型，而 sure 主语只能是人。
“be certain/sure＋从句”(人)有把握/确信……
(表示主语的信念)
be certain/sure of/about sth. (人)确信(表示主语的信念)
be certain/sure to do sth. 必定/肯定会做某事(主语常为二、三人称，表示说话人的信念)
“make certain/sure＋从句”弄清楚/确保……
make certain/sure of/about sth. 把某件事情弄清楚
for certain/sure 确定地，确切地(做状语)
It is certain that... 一定会……(不能用 sure)
(1)There was _________________ in his manner.他的态度有点冷淡。
(2)Are you ____________________ it？你对此有把握吗？
(3)He is __________________ his duty.
他肯定会尽职。
(4)_________________ he has wronged me.
我确信他冤枉了我。
(5)_________________ their team will win the match.
他们队肯定会赢得比赛。
a certain coldness
certain about/of
certain to do
I’m certain that
It’s certain that
4．contain vt. 包含；容纳(＝hold)；容忍；抑制(＝control)
He couldn‘t ________for joy.他不胜欢喜。
contain/include
(1)contain 意为“包含，含有，容纳，里面装有”，指的是包含的全部内容或容量，也可指里面所含的成分。其宾语与主语常是同位关系，不用于进行时态。
(2)include 意为“包含；连……在内，计入，算入，包括”，只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分，其后的宾语往往是主语的一部分。常用 “including＋被包括部分”或“被包括部分＋included”。
couldn't contain
himself
用 contain和 include的适当形式填空。
(1)The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. It _____________ a lot of fruit and green vegetables.
(2)Everyone took part in the fight against the flood, _________old people/ old people__________.
(3)The __________ can __________ 100 litres of water.
includes
including
included
container
contain
5. affect vt. 影响，侵袭；感动
be greatly/deeply affected　
be affected by heat/cold　
be affected with high fever　
(1)The amount of rain ________ the growth of crops.降雨量直接影响庄稼生长。
(2)One of her lungs ____________ a little so that she has to rest.她的一叶肺有些感染，所以她不得不休息。
(3)The audience ____________________ by his speech.
很/深受感动
中暑/着凉
发高烧
affects
is affected
were deeply affected
【易混辨析】
affect/effect/influence
affect及物动词，“影响；（病）侵袭，感动，感染” ，指一时的影响，强调影响的动作。当其宾语是人时，强调引起心智上或感情上的影响。
effect 名词，“结果，效果，作用，影响”，常用于词组：have an effect on/upon sb. 对……有影响
influence 可做动词也可做名词，表示“影响、感染” ，指使思想、行为、性质或发展和成长等发生变化的影响。它可以指坏的影响，也可以指好的影响，这种影响常常是潜移默化的。
(1)Probably we ______________ each other.
(2)To _________ a policy is to have ____________ on it.
influenced
affect
an effect on
5．appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；喜欢；意识到
appreciation n. 欣赏；感激
appreciate sth. (thank sb.) 感激某事或某人
appreciate (one/one‘s) doing sth.感激(某人)做某事
I would appreciate it if/when... 如果……，我将不胜感激。
当表示“感谢”的程度时，可用deeply, highly,（very）much等修饰（much修饰appreciate时，只能置于其前，very much可以置于其后）。
(1)He highly __________________________.
他非常感谢他的帮助。
(2)We shall _________________________you again.
我们将很高兴再次收到您的来信。
(3)I really __________________________ to the party.
你能来参加这次聚会我太高兴了。
(4)I would ___________________ you could help me.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
appreciated his help
appreciate hearing from
appreciate your coming
appreciate it if
1. die out 灭亡；绝种；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失
be dying for 渴望；很想
be dying to do sth. 渴望；急切做某事
die away （尤指声音、光、风）逐渐消失;减弱
die down 渐弱；渐息；（风、雨、火、浪等）平息
die off （家族，种族等）相继死亡；绝种
die from/of 因……而死。通常由疾病、饥寒、情感原因造成的死亡，用die of（内因）；die from指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度等而死（外因）。
(1) Scientists said that those plants ______ a century ago.科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。
(2) Many old customs ___________.
许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。
(3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will _____.如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。
(4)Open the air hole; the fire ____________.
把气孔打开，火要熄了。
(5)Every winter some old people 15________ hypothermia.每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。
(6)Nowadays many people ______ cancer.
现在有很多人死于癌症。
died out
are dying out
die off
is dying down
die from
die of
2. in danger (of) 在危险中;垂危
be in danger of 处于……的危险中
be out of danger 脱离危险
endanger vt. 危害，危及
endangered adj. 有生命危险的；濒临灭绝的

①很明显,这女孩的生命危在旦夕。
The girl’s life was obviously __________________________ .
②这位病人有死亡的危险。
The patient is _______________ death.
③受伤的警察现已脱离危险。
The wounded policeman is now __________________ .
与 in/out of 搭配的短语
in trouble 在困境中 in peace 和平/和睦地 安详地 in order 有秩序
in sight 看得见 in fashion时尚 out of sight 看不见 out of trouble 摆脱困境
out of fashion 过时 out of order出故障
in immediate danger
in danger of
out of danger
3. protect...from保护……不受……（危害）
keep...from doing sth.=prevent/stop...(from) doing sth.
阻止……做某事
keep...doing sth. 使……一直干某事
defend from/against 保护……使免于
prevent/stop... (from) doing sth.结构用在主动语态中时，from可以省略，若用在被动语态中则不能省略。
【易混辨析】
defend/ protect/ guard/preserve
defend保卫；防护；防守（含有采取措施抵制进攻的意思）。
protect常含有提供安全的方式来驱开不适、伤害或进攻的意思。
guard含有看守的意思。
preserve指采取措施维护、保护、保存。
选词填空（defend/protect/guard/preserve）
①You must learn to ______ yourself from the danger.
②She had to ______ herself against the guard dog.
③A policeman was ______ the entrance to the embassy.
④It is one of the duties of the police to ______ public order.
protect
defend
guarding
preserve
8. come into being 形成；产生
【联想拓展】
come into 进入；得到
come into existence 形成；产生；开始存在
come into effect/force/operation 开始生效；开始实施
come into use 开始被使用
come into power 上台执政
come into fashion 开始流行
come into office 就职
come into action 开始行动
【即学即练】
完成句子
①三年后他上台掌权了。
Three years later, he ______ ______ ______ .
②我们不知道世界是何时形成的。
We do not know when this world ______ ______ ______ .
答案：①came into power ②came into being
用法点拨： come into后面加名词构成的短语一般为不及物动词短语，因此不能用在被动语态中。这一类词组也不能用于进行时态。
【即学即练】
单项填空
③Before the computer ______, people could never imagine it could bring about such great changes to human life.
A. came into being
B. was discovered
C. was come into being
D. was formed
解析:选A。句意为：在电脑出现之前，人们绝不会想到它会给人类的生活带来如此巨大的变化。电脑不能说是“被发现”或“被形成”的，故排除B、D两项；come into being不能用于被动语态和进行时，故选A。
9. After a while she saw...with black and white lines going beneath their stomachs.(P28)
过了一会儿，她看到……黑白相间的斑马穿梭于它们的腹下。
with+宾语+宾补结构,在句中常作方式,伴随,原因,条件状语及定语。
【联想拓展】
with 的复合结构中作补语的除了是现在分词以外，还可以是形容词、副词、过去分词、介词短语、动词不定式等。
They shouldn’t leave the workshop with the machines still running.
在机器还运转着的情况下，他们不应该离开车间。
The children fell asleep with the window open.
窗子还开着孩子们就睡着了。
With our work finished, we can have a rest.
既然我们的工作做完了，我们可以休息了。
The teacher walked into the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师拿着一本书走进了教室。
With many things to deal with, I have to stop listening to the light music.
有许多事情要处理，我只好停止听轻音乐。
用法点拨：with为介词，后面跟复合结构，因此不能采用句子的形式，其结构应是“with+名词/代词+补足语”。
【即学即练】
完成句子 （原创）
①站着的时候不要把你的手插在口袋里。
Don’t stand ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______.
②新老板很担心，因为有很多事要处理。
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______, the new boss worried a lot.
答案：①with your hands in your pockets
②With a lot of things to be solved
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. 你知道世界如何形成的吗？
Do you know how did the world ______ ______ ______ ?
2. 在冬天你应该盖上东西保护那些植物不要冻坏。
In winter, you should cover something to ______ the plants ______ the cold.
3. 他处于极度危险中。
He is ______ great ______.
4. 他没有努力学习，结果考试不及格。
He didn’t work hard. ______ ______ ______ , he failed in the exam.
5. 当你驾驶的时候应该注意标志。
You should ______ ______ ______ the signs when you are driving.
6. 我的家人相处融洽。
My family lives ______ ______ .
7. 恐龙在几百万年前就灭绝了。
Dinosaurs ______ ______ millions of years ago.
8. 他写信申请那份工作。
He wrote a letter to ______ ______ the job.
1. die ______ 灭亡;逐渐消失
2. ______ peace 和平地；安详地
3. ______ danger (of) 在危险中；垂危
4. in ______ 如释重负;松了口气
5. burst ______ laughter 突然笑起来；大声笑了出来
6. protect... ______... 保护……不受……(危害)
7.pay ______ to注意
8. ______ into being形成;产生
9. ______ to按照;根据……所说
10. ______ that以致于；结果
答案：1. out 2. in 3. in 4. relief 5. into 6. from
7. attention 8.come 9. according 10. so
1. We’re ______ ______ for the wool beneath our stomachs.
为了取得我们肚皮底下的羊毛，我们正在被屠杀。
2. You should ______ ______ ______ ______ the rainforest where I live and ______ how the animals live together.
你们应该多加关注我生活的热带雨林，并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的。

答案：1. being killed 2. pay more attention to; appreciate