Unit 2 Working the land
Learning
about language
1.Find the word or phrase from the text for each of these meaning.
_______ brown (skin) from spending too much time in the sun.
_______ to make something or somebody free of
_______ to become larger in size, number or amount
_______ to make information and ideas known to many people
_____________ would prefer to
_______ to try extremely hard to achieve something
sunburnt
rid… of
expand
circulate
Would rather
struggle
_______ to send things to foreign countries for sale
___________ pleased by having what one wants or needs
_______ to provide with things necessary for a certain purpose
_______ plants grown in large amounts by farmers
_______ because of
export
Satisfied with
equip
crop
Thanks to
Answer key for Ex 2:
information: statistics; world: globe
Strong: super; races: nationalities
Not having enough food: hunger;
sickness: disease
A small Southeast Asian country: Vietnam
jobs: occupations
Open conditions : freedom
sold and sent abroad: exported
Keys to Ex 3.
Decade, struggle, expanding, Equipped,
output, grain, crops, battles, disturbing
Useful structure ( 30m )
The use of the -ing form
The –ing form as the Subject ＆Object
1．作主语
动名词作主语时，句子有两种形式：
①动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。
1) 捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的.
Playing tricks on others is something we should never do．
2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。
Learning new words is very important for me．
3)说比做容易。
Talking is easier than doing.
②用形式主语it，把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，worth等。如：
和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。
It is useless trying to argue with Shylock．
这事值得去做。
It’s worth making the effort．
想再解释一次有好处吗?
Is it any good trying to explain?
跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。
It is pleasant working with you．
③在there be结构中作主语，这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do… ”。例如：
若要人不知，除非己莫为。
There is no hiding of evil but not to do it．
这种事开不得玩笑。
Here is no joking about such matter.
无法知道他什么时候离开
There was no knowing when he would leave.
动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：
动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作，不定式则通常表示具体的动作。如：
还是个孩子的时侯，她就觉得探视病人是一种责任，也是一种愉悦。
As a child，she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure．
到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。
Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me.
一直不做就是作恶。
Doing nothing is doing ill．
他说：“继续这样下去是无用的。”
He said，“To go on like this is no use．”
我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。
It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party．
归纳：常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：
It +be +a waste of time doing
做……是浪费时间的
It is/was no good/use doing
做……是没用处的
It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing
做……不值得
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing
做……是值得的
There is no doing
无法……;不允许……
There is no sense in doing
做……没有道理
There is/was no use doing
干……无意义
There is/was nothing worse than doing
没有比……更糟的
There is/was no point doing
干……无意义
我们不知道要去哪儿。
There was no knowing where we would go.
做这件傻事毫无意义。
There is no point doing such a silly thing.
注意：There is no need to do sth 干……没必要，在此句式中to do 不可换为doing..
没有必要告诉她。
There is no need to tell her.
提示：当动名词用作主语时，其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。
我姐姐病了，使我很担心。
My sister's being ill made we worried.
你正确未必就意味着我错了。
Your being right doesn't necessarily mean my being wrong.
2、用作宾语
动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。
①只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand等。如：
我不能不去。
I can’t avoid going．
你是否考虑过找一位挚友?
Have you considered looking for one special friend?
我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。
We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake．
晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?
Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper?
人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。
People couldn’t help laughing foolish man．
这类动词还有：excuse，fancy，give up，put off，risk等。
②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，mean，forget，remember，hate等。
A．在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
B．在begin/start，continue之后，用动名词和不定式，意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人的时候。
C．在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如：
我记得我已把信寄了。
I remember posting the letter．
我会记着去寄信的。
I’ll remember to post the letter．
我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。
I shall never forget seeing the famous writer．
不要忘了给你母亲写信。
Don’t forget to write to your mother．
我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
I regret missing the report．
我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
I regret to say I can’t take your advice．
D．在try，mean之后，意义各不相同，如try to do (设法)，try doing (试试)，mean to do (打算，有意要做)，mean doing (意思是，意味着)。如：
我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。
We must try to get everything done in time．
我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
Let’s try doing the working in some other way．
我并不想叫你生气。
I didn’t mean to make you angry．
你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。
Your plan would mean spending hours．
E.go on doing 和go on to do
Go on doing继续做一直在做的事；go on to do接着做另一件事。如：
请接着做这同一个练习。
Please go on doing the same exercise．
请做另外一个练习。
Please go on to do the other exercise．
F．stop doing与stop to do: Stop doing停止做，stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如：
我们停止了交谈。
We stopped talking．
我们停了下来去谈话。
We stopped to talk．
3．作介词宾语
动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。
A．介词+动名词，如：
我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。
We’ve got to think of ways of changing people’s habits.
我向你道歉，刚才对你那样生气。
I apologize for being so angry with you.
离开几年之后再回到你生长的地方，感觉有点怪。
After being away for several years，it is a strange experience to return to the place you were born and brought up．
B．动词+介词+动名词，如：
我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。
I insist on taking proper food fort his expedition．
同学们脸上没有笑容，相反都做了怪脸。
Instead of smiling，each of them made a face．
她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。
She was very interested in working for our company．
下列短语中的to都是介词，所以后面跟名词或-ing形式：devote to，object to，pay attention to，get down to，lead to, look forward to，stick to，be used to等
1. ____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B.Suffering  C. That D. Suffered
精析：根据句意“it may now be too late to …” 和 “already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”，应用完成时。答案A。
典型例题
2. ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
解析：本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。分析题干，前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句，即If he is given …，因为主句是 it，从句应含被动意义，这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义即含被动意义。答案 A。
3. ---- The picture ____ on the wall is painted by my niece.
having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
解析：本题考查过去分词作定语的用法。分析题目可知，谓语是is painted，那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式，其一般不作定语，只作时间或原因状语；C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语，只作谓语；分析 the picture与动作 hang之间的关系，其不含被动意义，D项排除； B项是现在分词的一般式，相当于定语从句which is hanging。答案B。
Assignment
1. Summarize the rules of v-ing form as the Subject and Object in your own way.
2. Finish the exercises of “Discovering useful structures” on Page 13.
Take a break!