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免费下载高考英语专题总复习定语从句ppt课件

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免费下载高考英语专题总复习定语从句ppt课件免费下载高考英语专题总复习定语从句ppt课件免费下载高考英语专题总复习定语从句ppt课件
语法专项突破
语法专项十一 定语从句
知识必备
1.who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2.whose用来指人或物。如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3.which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如:
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作主语)
The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)
that/which/who/whom的区别
(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
所有在场的人们都大哭起来。
(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that。
This is the best composition that has been written in English.
这是用英语写得最好的文章。
(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election,most of whom are well educated.
大约有7,000,000人参加竞选,其中大多数人都受过良好教育。
(4)which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this相似,并可以指人。如:
He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy.
他赢得了这次比赛,这使得他父母非常高兴。
(5)that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中。
(6)which可作表语,既可指人,也可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特征、品性或才能的人。which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。
(7)如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。
(8)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
画中的那个小男孩和那条狗都非常可爱。
(9)如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom,不用which。如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
这儿有没有人愿意跟你一起去?
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
(1)when,where,why
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。如:
There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which)Iwas born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
(2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。如:
His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
1.根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如:
Water is the natural medium in which fish lives.
水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in)
The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.
他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for)
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about)
四、定语从句的省略
1.关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,通常情况下非限制性定语从句的关系代词均不可省略。
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的书。
The book,which he lost yesterday,has been found.
他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。
2.当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。如:
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
他失败的原因是因为他懒惰。
3.当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,引导词可用in which或that,也可以省略。如:
That was the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.
她就是用那种办法解决问题的。
4.当先行词是time时,引导词可用when,that或省略。如:
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meeting will take place.
我不知道运动会举办的确切时间。
5.当先行词是place时,引导词可用where,that或省略。如:
This is the right place(where/that)he was born.
这儿就是他的出生地。(注意:句末不可用介词in)
五、as引导的定语从句
as作关系代词时,引导定语从句在从句中充当主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语,既可以指人,也可以指物。
1.as引导限制性定语从句时,常用于以下情景中:
(1)such...as...像……那样的……。当先行词被such修饰或本身是such时,as作为关系代词,引导定语从句,修饰这个先行词。如:
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
我们希望弄到像他使用着的一样的工具。
They are such warmhearted men as I'll never forget.
他们是那样的热心,是我永远不会忘记的人们。
That was such terrible weather as destroyed our whole trip plan.
那是一个那样可怕的天气,毁坏了我们的整个旅游计划。
要注意such...as...与such...that...的区别:
as引导定语从句,as要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。that引导结果状语从句,that在从句中不作成分。如:
He is such a good student as all the teachers like.
他是那样一个老师们都喜欢的好学生。
He is such a good student that all the teachers like him.
他是那样一个好学生,以至于老师们都喜欢他。
(2)the same...as...像……一样的……。这是一个习惯句式,当先行词是the same或被the same修饰时,后面的定语从句常用as引导,这时as是关系代词,常在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这样的定语从句常用省略形式。如:
I live in the same house as he(lives in).
我的房子与他的房子相同。
as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.as引导非限制性定语从句可放在主句前面,主句中间或主句后面;which引导的非限制性定语从句,要放在先行词后面。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one's health.
如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
=Smoking is,as we know,harmful to one's health.
=Smoking is harmful to one's health,as we know.
The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.
太阳使地球暖和起来,这对我们人类很重要。
2.从意义上看,as表示“正如”,which表示“这,或那”,当主句和定语从句表示因果关系时,一定用which。如:
They are hollow,which makes them very light.
它们是空心的,这使得它们很轻。
Taiwan is part of China,as is known to all.
众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
1.一判定语从句,二判先行词,三判成分,四定答案。
第一步,题干中,某个名词或代词后面有一个从句,不外乎是三种类型的从句,一是同位语从句,二是状语从句,三是定语从句。这个从句如果与前面的名词不能构成“主-系-表”结构,则不是同位语从句;如果这个从句不是修饰前面句中的谓语动词表示转折、结果或目的,则不是状语从句,排除了这两种情况之后,我们可确定是定语从句,与前面这个名词存在一种修饰与被修饰的关系。
技巧点拨
第二步,如果定语从句前面有多个名词,那么找准先行词是恰当选择关系词的前提,如果是物则用which/that/whose,如果是人则用whom/who/whose,如果先行词是整个主句,则用which/as。
第三步,然后看一看这个定语从句中缺少什么成分。缺少主语、宾语或表语时,用which/that/who/whom,缺少定语时,用whose,缺少状语时用where/when/why。如:
—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
—You should try the barber's ________ I go. It's only 15.
A.as        
B.which
C.where
D.that
解析:句意:“你认为,我理一次发需要付30美元吗?”“你应该去我去过的理发店试一试,价格仅仅是15美元。”首先,我们判断“________ I go”是定语从句修饰先行词barber's,其次,我们判断,由于定语从句的谓语动词go是不及物动词,所以该从句缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where。如果定语从句是I go to,那么就用关系代词which或that。
答案:C
2.借用优先排除规则,节约思维能源
在定语从句试题的选项中,有的选项是人称代词,比如:it,they,them,me,I,he,she,him,her,有的选项是关系代词,有的是关系副词,甚至有的是what等。在确定是定语从句的前提下,这个挖空的地方一定是关系词,优先排除what和人称代词,因为what不引导定语从句;人称代词也不引导定语从句,它们仅起指代作用,即使用它们,前面也需要加并列连词构成并列复合句。最后剩下关系词选项,我们再进行句子成分分析这一步骤。如:
The road conditions there turned out to be very good,
________was more than we could expect.
A.it
B.what
C.which
D.that
解析:句意是:道路状况证明非常理想,这是我们没有预料到的。根据“________was more than we could expect”与前面主句的逻辑关系可知,这是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,首先排除A.it,它可以指代前面这个主句,但不能引导定语从句,前面可加并列连词and构成并列复合句。然后排除B.what,它不能引导定语从句。最后再排除D.that,因为它不引导非限制性定语从句。只剩下C.which,在这个从句中作主语。
答案:C