Unit 2 grammar
Working the land
The –ing form as the Subject and Object
Grammar
Have you ever seen these signs?
parking, spitting,
littering, smoking
-ing forms
1. 动词-ing形式的构成: 是在动词末尾加-ing
形式构成, 因此又叫动词的 -ing 形式。
如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.
否定形式: not+ -ing 构成
2. 动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语, 没有人称和
数的变化, 但可以有自己的宾语和状语, 还有
时态和语态的变化。
3. 动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成,
它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以
作主语、宾语等。
一、动词-ing形式作主语
表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,
谓语动词通常用单数。
__________ is a good form
of exercise for both young
and old.
无论对年轻人和
老年人来讲, 走路
是一种很好的锻
炼。
Walking
_____________ on TV has become a
routine for me.
在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。
Watching news
2.用形式主语it，把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，worthwhile等。如：
和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。
It is useless trying to argue with Shylock．
这事值得去做。
It’s worthwhile making the effort．
想再解释一次有好处吗?
Is it any good trying to explain?
跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。
It is pleasant working with you.
It’s a waste of time talking about such a
useless thing.
谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。
It’s dangerous swimming in the sea on
windy days.
有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。
It is worthwhile discussing the question.
这个问题值得讨论。
动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：
动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作，不定式则通常表示具体的动作。如：
还是个孩子的时侯，她就觉得探视病人是一种责任，也是一种愉悦。
As a child，she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure．
到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。
Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me.
一直不做就是作恶。
Doing nothing is doing ill．
他说: “继续这样下去是无用的。”
He said, “To go on like this is no use.”
我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。
It’s an honor for me to be invited to the
party．
归纳: 常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：
It +be +a waste of time doing
做……是浪费时间的
It is/was no good/use doing
做……是没用处的
It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing
做……不值得
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing
做……是值得的
There is no doing
无法……; 不允许……
There is no sense in doing 做…没有道理
There is/was no use doing 干…无意义
There is/was nothing worse than doing
没有比…更糟的
There is/was no point doing 干…无意义
我们不知道要去哪儿。
There was no knowing where we would go.
做这件傻事毫无意义。
There is no point doing such a silly thing.
二、动名词用作宾语
动名词作宾语有两种情况。
1. 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词, 常见的有
avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest,
dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine,
mind, miss, practise, cannot stand等。如：
我不能不去。I can’t avoid going．
你是否考虑过找一位挚友?
Have you considered looking for one
special friend?
我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。
We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake．
晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?
Do you feel like having a walk with me after
supper?
人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。
People couldn’t help laughing foolish man．
这类动词还有: excuse, fancy, give up,
put off, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。
need, require, want作“需要”解时, 后接动词-ing形式作宾语, 主动形式表示被动意义, 相当于to be done。如：
The radio needs / requires / wants repairing / to be repaired.
常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:
考虑建议盼原谅，

承认推迟没得想，

避免错过继续练，

否认完成停能赏，

不禁介意准逃亡，

不准冒险凭想象。
consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to ,excuse ,pardon

admit, delay / put off , fancy

avoid , miss ,keep /keep on , practise

deny , finish , stop ,enjoy / appreciate

can’t help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape

forbid , risk , imagine
②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，mean，forget，remember，hate等。
A．在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
B．在begin/start，continue之后，用动名词和不定式，意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人的时候。
C．在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如：
我记得我已把信寄了。
I remember posting the letter．
我会记着去寄信的。
I’ll remember to post the letter．
我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。
I shall never forget seeing the famous writer．
不要忘了给你母亲写信。
Don’t forget to write to your mother．
我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
I regret missing the report．
我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
I regret to say I can’t take your advice．
既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:
双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。
不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。
begin , start ,like ,prefer , hate ,dislike ,continue .

remember , forget , try , mean , stop , regret ,
want , need , require
动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can't help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，须注意:
forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。
3. 作介词宾语
动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。
A. 介词+动名词, 如：
我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。
We’ve got to think of ways of changing
people’s habits.
我向你道歉, 刚才对你那样生气。
I apologize for being so angry with you.
离开几年之后再回到你的家乡, 感觉有点怪。
After being away for several years, it is a
strange experience to return to the hometown.
B. 动词+介词+动名词, 如：
我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。
I insist on taking proper food fort his expedition．
同学们脸上没有笑容, 相反都做了怪脸。
Instead of smiling, each of them made a face．
她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。
She was very interested in working for our
company．
下列短语中的to都是介词, 所以后面跟名词
或-ing形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to,
get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to,
be used to等。
需要注意的问题：
以下的动词后面加动词的不定式作宾语：
decide , hope, expect , seem, agree, afford, arrange, choose, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend,
常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：
三个希望两答应，
两个要求莫拒绝,
设法学会做决定,
不要假装在选择。
想要拒绝命令，
需要努力学习,
期望同意帮助，
希望决定开始。
hope; wish; want ; agree; promise
demand; ask; refuse
manage; learn; decide
pretend ; choose
want ; refuse ; order
need; try ; learn
expect ; agree ; help
hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start
精析:根据句意“it may now be too late to …”
和 “already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”,
应用完成时。答案A。
高考链接
____ such heavy pollution already, it may
now be too late to clean up the river. (2004全国) A. Having suffered B. Suffering  C. That D. Suffered
2. ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (全国2002)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
解析: 本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。
分析题干, 前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句,
即If he is given …, 因为主句是 it, 从句应含
被动意义, 这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义
即含被动意义。答案 A。
3. The picture ____ on the wall is painted
by my niece. (2001上海)
A. having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
解析: 分析题目可知, 谓语是is painted, 那么选项部分
应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式, 其一般
不作定语, 只作时间或原因状语; C项动词“第三人称
单数”显然也不能作定语, 只作谓语; 分析 the picture
与动作hang之间的关系, 其不含被动意义, D项排除;
B项是现在分词的一般式, 相当于定语从句which
is hanging。答案B。
4. — Let's have a rest．
— Not now．I don't want to stop
__________ yet．(MET 1985)
A. study          B. to study
C. for studying    D. studying
解析: stop studying 意为“停止学习”。
D
5. — Let me tell you something about
the journalists．
— Don’t you remember ________ me
the story yesterday? (1999上海高考)
A. told       B. telling
C. to tell   D. to have told
解析: remember telling me 意为
“记得曾经告诉过我”。
B
1. — What made you so upset?
— _____ two tickets to the pop music
concert.
A. Losing B. Because of losing
C. To lose D. Because I had lost
2. I can't imagine _______ that with them
A. do           B. to do
C. being done    D. doing
A
考考你
D
3. He got well-prepared for the job
interview, for he couldn’t risk ____
the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing
C. to be lost D. being lost
4. ___ is forbidden inside the park.
A. To cycle B. We cycle
C. Anyone cycles D. Cycling
B
D
5. I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same
office. She just refuses ___ talking
while she works.
A. working; stopping
B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop
D. to work; to stop
6. The old lady needs ____.
A. look after B. to look after
C. looking after D. being looked after
C
C
1. If you can keep ________(read) English
newspapers, your English will be improved.
2. He has promised __________(come) to my
birthday party.
3. I hate _________________(tell) lies!
4. I will never forget __________(go) to
Beijing with him last summer.
I forgot ________(tell) her the news; so she
knew nothing about it.
Complete these sentences:
reading
to come
telling/to tell
going
to tell
1.出国旅行是很激动人心的。

2 在这儿等是没用的, 我们走吧。

3 我记得在哪里见过他。

4 我后悔没听你的劝告。

5 帮助别人就是帮助你自己。
Travelling abroad is very exciting.

It’s no use waiting here. Let’s go.

I remember seeing her somewhere.

I regret not following your advice.

Helping others means helping yourself.
Translation
Thankyou